The “Bisses” of Switzerland
Discover the "bisses" of Switzerland, ancient irrigation channels carved into the sheer cliffs of the Valais region. These marvels of medieval engineering were built to divert precious glacial water to…
Tag: glacier
The Scottish “Munros”
Uncover how a simple list of Scottish mountains over 3,000 feet, compiled by Sir Hugh Munro in 1891, spawned the national pastime of "Munro bagging." This recreational pursuit has created…
Ireland’s Peat Bog Culture
For centuries, the unique geography of Ireland's peat bogs has provided 'turf', a fuel source that shaped the landscape and became the very scent of rural life. Today, this ancient…
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Forged History
Discover how a period of global cooling from c. 1300-1850, known as the Little Ice Age, rewrote human history. From the mysterious disappearance of Viking colonies in Greenland to the…
Jökulhlaups: Iceland’s Volcanic Floods
In Iceland, where colossal glaciers conceal active volcanoes, a terrifying phenomenon known as a jökulhlaup can occur. These sudden and catastrophic glacial outburst floods are among the most powerful natural…
The Global Ocean Conveyor Belt
Dive deep into the science of the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt, the massive current that regulates Earth's climate by transporting heat around the globe. Discover how this planetary-scale system, driven…
Solastalgia: Grief for a Lost Landscape
Ever felt a sense of grief for a beloved landscape that's changing before your eyes? This profound distress has a name: solastalgia. It's the homesickness you feel when you haven't…
The Channeled Scablands: A Flood of Biblical Scale
Journey to eastern Washington, where the scarred landscape tells a tale of a flood of biblical proportions from the last Ice Age. In just a matter of days, a torrent…
Solifluction: When Permafrost Soil Flows
In the world's coldest regions, the ground itself is on the move. Discover solifluction, the slow, creeping flow of soil driven by the relentless cycle of freezing and thawing that…
Penitentes: The Ice Spikes of the Andes
Journey to the high Andes to witness penitentes, a bizarre forest of sun-facing ice blades carved by strange physics. Discover how these towering "penitent monks" of snow are formed through…
The Geopolitics of Mountain Water Towers
Mountains are the planet's natural "water towers", storing and distributing fresh water to nearly half the global population through the great river systems they create. This critical role places mountain…
Glacial Erratics: Boulders Left by Ice
Ever seen a giant boulder sitting in a flat field, miles from any mountain? These geological oddities are called glacial erratics, colossal stones carried hundreds of miles by ancient ice…
Svalbard Seed Vault: Humanity’s Arctic Backup
Journey to the Arctic Circle and discover the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, a fortress of ice safeguarding the future of our food. Buried deep within a frozen Norwegian mountain, this…
How Rivers Capture Other Rivers
Over millennia, a dramatic heist unfolds as one river erodes through a dividing ridge and "steals" the water from its neighbor. This process, known as stream capture or river piracy,…
Doggerland: A Lost European Landscape
Dive beneath the North Sea to discover Doggerland, a vast, lost landscape that once connected Great Britain to continental Europe. This submerged world was a heartland for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, whose…
Cryoconite: Life on Glaciers
Venture onto the vast, frozen surfaces of Earth's glaciers and discover cryoconite—a dark, dusty sediment that creates tiny, thriving ecosystems. Learn how these microscopic worlds, teeming with resilient life like…
Sastrugi: The Wind-Carved Snowscapes
Venture into the world of sastrugi, the stunning yet treacherous wind-carved ridges that dominate polar landscapes. These frozen waves are more than just a travel hazard for explorers; they are…
Antarctica: A Continent Governed by Treaty
Explore Antarctica, a continent without a country, governed not by flags but by a remarkable international agreement. Delve into the Antarctic Treaty System that has preserved this icy wilderness for…
Glacial Forefields: Earth’s Newest Land
As glaciers around the world recede, they reveal brand-new landscapes known as glacial forefields. These raw, dynamic environments are not just barren expanses of rock and sediment; they are living…