human-environment interaction geomorphology geopolitics culture human geography climate change sense of place borders spatial analysis natural hazard urban geography urban planning arid environment accessibility cartography national security glacier choke points volcano indigenous rights wind spatial justice antarctica migration internet infrastructure polar exploration sensory geography nomadism demographics exclave noise pollution geography of fear vernacular architecture aeolian processes primary succession protest soundscape sovereignty sand dune biodiversity conservation permafrost globalization trade albedo enclave flash flood counter-mapping deep sea clay undersea cables karst acoustic geography soil ecosystem food security fertility rate supply chain plate tectonics astrobiology evolution chemosynthesis moraine isostatic adjustment resource curse periglacial demography glof sahel rewilding amazon rainforest cave dialect forensic geography transhumance