human-environment interaction culture geomorphology geopolitics human geography sense of place borders climate change spatial analysis natural hazard urban geography urban planning cartography arid environment accessibility national security choke points glacier indigenous rights volcano spatial justice wind antarctica internet infrastructure sensory geography migration polar exploration noise pollution exclave enclave nomadism soundscape geography of fear protest conservation primary succession biodiversity demographics aeolian processes acoustic geography soil sovereignty linguistic island counter-mapping vernacular architecture toponymy karst undersea cables flash flood hydrology permafrost albedo japan sand dune resource curse trade moraine clay food security language isolate globalization ecosystem transportation geography supply chain megacity plate tectonics dialect china glof basque deep sea colonialism ice age depopulation netherlands